Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

Neurobiological mechanisms that explain the association of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with the cerebellum include alterations in the cerebello–cerebral and within-cerebellar connectivity and relevant genetic changes. The cerebellum is integral to the pathology of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS); however, the underlying mechanisms to explain this association and...

Compared to CD19-positive B-cell monitoring, CD27-positive B-cell monitoring of reinfusion of the rituximab therapeutic regimen reduced the number of re-infusions with a comparable safety and efficacy profile. Patients suffering from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disorders (MOGAD) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) are widely administered B-cell-depleting agents; however, there is a lack of evidence-based information regarding...

The strong visual disability predictors in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder include seropositivity for AQP4-IgG, optic neuritis at the first attack, and older age at onset. High-effect immunosuppression at an early stage is required for high-risk patients. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disorder involving the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in transverse myelitis...

Multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder exhibit significant differences in optical coherence tomography, with the latter being associated with significant thinning of the ganglion cell layer during both acute episodes and episodes at 6 months. The thickness of different retinal layers can be measured by a non-invasive tool known as optical coherence tomography (OCT)....

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients have more pupillomotor symptoms than multiple sclerosis patients and have life-threatening autonomic dysreflexia, severe hypertension, sleep–wake cycle disturbances, and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Neurological disturbances are a hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Autonomic dysfunction is frequently present in these patients. However, due to its...

Granulocyte activation markers are reliable biomarkers for distinguishing between multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Granulocyte activation markers are associated with the extent of neurological damage, indicating their potential role in the pathogenesis and treatment of acute neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.  There are overlapping imaging and clinical characteristics in the clinical presentation of relapsing-remitting...

NMOSD impacts the eyes, spinal cord, and brain. It is a rare autoimmune neurological disorder that can cause severe disabilities such as blindness and paralysis. It often coexists with other autoimmune diseases such as lupus, Sjogren’s syndrome, or rheumatoid arthritis. Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is a debilitating autoimmune disorder that affects the optic nerves,...

Of the types of optic neuritis, NMOSD is shown to have the worst visual outcomes in a 10-year single-center study. Each of the three types of optic neuritis—double seronegative optic neuritis (DN-ON), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis (NMOSD-ON), and multiple sclerosis-related optic neuritis (MS-ON)—exhibits different clinical characteristics. Different factors associated with each type of...

COVID-19 vaccination has been recommended as a priority for patients with NMOSD due to their high-risk status. This study investigates the safety profile of these vaccines for patients with NMOSD and other CNS demyelinating disorders, who were not included in previous trials. Although vaccination against COVID-19 is recommended for patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder...